PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

A field survey of synchronized fireflies (Pteroptyx tener Olivier) was conducted in Kuala Sepetang, Perak. It involved sampling efforts for six months, from November 2021 to April 2022. A total of 10 sampling stations were selected along 5.63 km from the upstream to the downstream of the river. A sweep net was used for sampling at each station, and the net was swept for two minutes. Such sampling was replicated twice at each station. At the same time, collecting vegetation samples was done by taking the leaves, flowers, fruits, tree trunks, and roots. For species identification, collected specimens were taken to the Laboratory of the School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). From this survey, a total of 111,622 individuals were recorded. This species has been observed on Rhizophora mucronate, Rhizophora apiculate, and Sonneratia caseolaris. The distribution and abundance of fireflies in the sampling area were undocumented prior to this study. This study is being conducted to understand Pteroptyx tener’s distribution in Malaysia better and to add knowledge about the undocumented area of Kuala Sepetang. By adding an undocumented location for this species, this study can contribute to and expand the knowledge of the distribution and occurrence of fireflies in Malaysia, particularly in Perak.

• Abdullah, N. A., Asri, L. N., Husin, S. M., Shukor, A. M., Darbis, N. D. A., Ismail, K., & Hazmi, I. R. (2021). Influence of physico-chemical characteristics of Rembau River, peninsular Malaysia, on congregating Pteroptyx fireflies. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193, 634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09426-y

• Asri, L. N., Abdullah, N. A., Sulaiman, A., Asri, M. H. M., Sulaiman, N., Satiman, E. M. F. E. N., Husin, S. M., Shukor, A. M., & Darbis, N. D. A. (2021). Abundance and species composition of synchronous flashing firefly at Sungai Rembau, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 41, 1095-1106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00295-5

• Azmi, W. A., Zainudin, A., & Salam, M. R. (2015). Notes on Pteroptyx tener (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in Mangrove Forest of Setiu, Terengganu. In F. Mohamad, J. M. Salim, J. M. J., & R. Shahrudin (Eds.), Setiu Wetlands: Species, ecosystems and livelihoods (pp. 67-72). Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.

• Ballantyne, L. A. (2001). The bent winged fireflies of Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae: Luciolini). Serangga, 6(1), 51-95.

• Ballantyne, L. A., & Lambkin, C. (2001). A new firefly, Luciola (Pygoluciola) kinabalua, new species (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), from Malaysia, with observations on a possible copulation clamp. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 49(2), 363-378.

• Ballantyne, L. A., & Lambkin, C. L. (2013). Systematics and phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the description of new genera. Zootaxa, 3653(1), 1-162. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1

• Ballantyne, L. A., & McLean, M. R. (1970). Revisional studies on the firefly genus Pteroptyx Olivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae: Luciolini). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-), 96(2), 223–305.

• Ballantyne, L. A., & Menayah, R. (2000). Redescription of the synchronous firefly, Pteroptyx tener Olivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), of Kampung Kuantan, Selangor. Malayan Nature Journal, 54(4), 323-328.

• Ballantyne, L., Xin, H. F., Shih, C. H., Cheng, C. Y., & Yiu, V. (2011). Pteroptyx maipo Ballantyne, a new species of bent-winged firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from Hong Kong, and its relevance to firefly biology and conservation. Zootaxa, 2931(1), 8-34. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2931.1.2

• Barrows, E. M., Arsenault, S. B., & Grenier, N. P. (2008). Firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) flight periods, sex ratios, and habitat frequencies in a United States Mid-Atlantic freshwater tidal marsh, low forest, and their ecotone. Banisteria, 31, 47-52.

• Buck, J., & Buck, E. (1966). Biology of synchronous flashing of fireflies. Nature, 211, 562-564. https://doi.org/10.1038/211562a0

• Chey, V. K. (2004). Fireflies of Sungai Klias and their display trees. Sepilok Bulletin, 1, 67–69.

• Chey, V. K. (2006). Fireflies of Sungai Paitan. Sepilok Bulletin, 5(1), 1-6.

• Chey, V. K. (2010). Fireflies of Beaufort with special reference to Sungai Garama and Sungai Klias. Sepilok Bulletin, 12(1), 13–19.

• Dunn, R. R. (2005). Modern insect extinctions, the neglected majority. Conservation Biology, 19(4), 1030-1036. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00078.x

• Faudzi, R., Abas, A., Othman, N. W., & Mazlan, S. M. (2021). Effect of water quality on the abundance of firefly populations at Cherating River, Pahang, Malaysia. Environment Asia, 14(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.14456/ea.2021.8

• Foo, K., & Mahadimenakbar, M. D. (2015). Diversity of fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) of Sungai Teratak, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 12, 1-11.

• Foo, K., & Mahadimenakbar, M. D. (2017). Diversity of Pteroptyx fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and their display trees at Klias Peninsula, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 14, 95–103.

• González-Oreja, J. A. (2008). The encyclopedia of life vs. the brochure of life: Exploring the relationships between the extinction of species and the inventory of life on Earth. Zootaxa, 1965(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1965.1.3

• Hazmi, I. R., & Sagaff, S. A. S. (2017). Fireflies population and the aquaculture industry (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) of the Sungai Sepetang, Kampung Dew, Perak, Malaysia. Serangga, 22(2), 217-237.

• Jusoh, W. F. A. W., & Hashim, N. R. (2012). The effect of habitat modification on firefly populations at the Rembau-Linggi estuary, Peninsular Malaysia. Lampyrid, 2, 149-155.

• Jusoh, W. F. A. W., Hashim, N. R., & Ibrahim, Z. Z. (2010a). Distribution and abundance of Pteroptyx fireflies in Rembau-Linggi estuary, Peninsular Malaysia. EnvironmentAsia, 3(special issue), 56-60. https://doi.org/10.14456/EA.2010.40

• Jusoh, W. F. A. W., Hashim, N. R., & Ibrahim, Z. Z. (2010b). Firefly distribution and abundance on mangrove vegetation assemblages in Sepetang estuary, Peninsular Malaysia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 18, 367-373. https://doi/org/10.1007/s11273-009-9172-4

• Jusoh, W. F. A. W., Wong, C. H., & Hashim, N. R. (2011). Zonation of firefly species and their display trees along Kerteh River, Terengganu. Serangga, 16(2), 57-64.

• Jusoh, W. F. A., Ballantyne, L., & Chan, K. O. (2020). DNA-based species delimitation reveals cryptic and incipient species in synchronous flashing fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) of Southeast Asia. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 130(3), 520-532. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa072

• Jusoh, W. F. A., Ballantyne, L., Lambkin, C. L., Hashim, N. R., & Wahlberg, N. (2018). The firefly genus Pteroptyx Olivier revisited (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae). Zootaxa, 4456(1), 1-71. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4456.1.1

• Jusoh, W. F. A., Hashim, N. R., & Adam, N. A. (2013). Distribution of the synchronous flashing beetle Pteroptyx tener Olivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in Malaysia. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 67(4), 604-605. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-67.4.604

• Khoo, V., Nada, B., Kirton, L. G., & Phon, C. K. (2012). Monitoring the population of the firefly Pteroptyx tener along the Selangor River, Malaysia for conservation and sustainable ecotourism. Lampyrid, 2, 162-173.

• Kirton, L. G., Nada, B., Tan, S. A., Ang, L. H., Tang, L. K., Hui, T. F., & Ho, W. M. (2006). The Kampung Kuantan firefly project: A preliminary assessment of the habitat requirements of Pteroptyx tener (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237235622_The_Kampung_Kuantan_Firefly_Project_A_Preliminary_Assessment_of_the_Habitat_Requirements_of_Pteroptyx_tener_Coleoptera_Lampyridae

• Lee, S. S., Muhamad, A., & Tong, J. (Eds.) (2015). Mangrove guidebook for Malaysia. Wetlands International Malaysia.

• Lemelin, R. H., Boileau, E. Y., & Russell, C. (2019). Entomotourism: The allure of the arthropod. Society and Animals, 27(7), 733-750.

• Lewis, S. (2016). Silent sparks: The wondrous world of fireflies. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400880317

• Lewis, S. M., Wong, C. H., Owens, A., Fallon, C., Jepsen, S., Thancharoen, A., Wu, C., De Cock, R., Novák, M., López-Palafox, T., & Khoo, V., Reed, J. M. (2020). A global perspective on firefly extinction threats. BioScience, 70(2), 157-167. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz157

• Mahadimenakbar, M. D., Fiffy, H. S., & Godoong, E. (2009). Studies on the potential of fireflies watching tourism for firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae; Pteroptyx spp.) conservation. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268523025_Studies_on_the_Potential_of_Fireflies_Watching_Tourism_for_Firefly_Coleoptera_Lampyridae_Pteroptyx_spp_Conservation

• Mahadimenakbar, M. D., Jeperi, S. R., Fiffy Hanidah, S., & Bagul, A. H. B. P. (2018). Notes on congregating fireflies (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) of Binsulok River, Sabah. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 15, 155-162.

• Mahadimenakbar, M. D., Mahsol, H. H., & Ghani, M. A., (2007). The distribution and phenology of Pteroptyx fireflies (Coleoptera; Lampyridae) along Garama River, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 3, 1-9.

• Mahadimenakbar, M. D., Menno, S., & Zulhazman, H. (2002). Preliminary survey of fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah. https://www.academia.edu/27971071/Mahadimenakbar_M_Dawood_Menno_Schilthuizen_and_Zulhazman_Hamzah_2003_Preliminary_Survey_of_Fireflies_Coleoptera_Lampyridae_in_Lower_Kinabatangan_Sabah_Lower_Kinabatangan_Scientific_Expedition_2002_Universiti_Malaysia_Sabah_Pp27_36

• Mahmod, A. M., Sulaiman, A., Asri, L. N., Abdullah, N. A., Husin, S. M., Shukor, A., Darbis, N. D. A, Satiman, Faris, E. M., & Sulaiman, N. (2018). Kelimpahan kelip kelip bersinkroni di Sungai Chukai, Kemaman, Terengganu [Abundance of synchronize firefly at Chukai River, Kemaman, Terengganu]. Undergraduate Research Journal for Integrative Biology, 2, 117-123.

• Mohd, F. A., Maulud, K. N. A., Karim, O. A., Begum, R. A., Awang, N. A., Ahmad, A., Azhary, W. A. H. W. M., Kamarudin, M. K. A., Jaafar, M., & Mohtar, W. H. M. W. (2019). Comprehensive coastal vulnerability assessment and adaptation for Cherating-Pekan coast, Pahang, Malaysia. Ocean and Coastal Management, 182, 104948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104948

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• Sulaiman, N., Loo, M. C., & Abdullah, M. (2017). Association between the firefly population and some biotic and abiotic factors along the Sungai Sepetang river banks at Kampung Dew, Taiping, Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 69(3), 159-167.

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• Abdullah, N. A., Asri, L. N., Husin, S. M., Shukor, A. M., Darbis, N. D. A., Ismail, K., & Hazmi, I. R. (2021). Influence of physico-chemical characteristics of Rembau River, peninsular Malaysia, on congregating Pteroptyx fireflies. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193, 634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09426-y

• Asri, L. N., Abdullah, N. A., Sulaiman, A., Asri, M. H. M., Sulaiman, N., Satiman, E. M. F. E. N., Husin, S. M., Shukor, A. M., & Darbis, N. D. A. (2021). Abundance and species composition of synchronous flashing firefly at Sungai Rembau, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 41, 1095-1106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00295-5

• Azmi, W. A., Zainudin, A., & Salam, M. R. (2015). Notes on Pteroptyx tener (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in Mangrove Forest of Setiu, Terengganu. In F. Mohamad, J. M. Salim, J. M. J., & R. Shahrudin (Eds.), Setiu Wetlands: Species, ecosystems and livelihoods (pp. 67-72). Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.

• Ballantyne, L. A. (2001). The bent winged fireflies of Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae: Luciolini). Serangga, 6(1), 51-95.

• Ballantyne, L. A., & Lambkin, C. (2001). A new firefly, Luciola (Pygoluciola) kinabalua, new species (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), from Malaysia, with observations on a possible copulation clamp. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 49(2), 363-378.

• Ballantyne, L. A., & Lambkin, C. L. (2013). Systematics and phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the description of new genera. Zootaxa, 3653(1), 1-162. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1

• Ballantyne, L. A., & McLean, M. R. (1970). Revisional studies on the firefly genus Pteroptyx Olivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae: Luciolini). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-), 96(2), 223–305.

• Ballantyne, L. A., & Menayah, R. (2000). Redescription of the synchronous firefly, Pteroptyx tener Olivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), of Kampung Kuantan, Selangor. Malayan Nature Journal, 54(4), 323-328.

• Ballantyne, L., Xin, H. F., Shih, C. H., Cheng, C. Y., & Yiu, V. (2011). Pteroptyx maipo Ballantyne, a new species of bent-winged firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from Hong Kong, and its relevance to firefly biology and conservation. Zootaxa, 2931(1), 8-34. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2931.1.2

• Barrows, E. M., Arsenault, S. B., & Grenier, N. P. (2008). Firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) flight periods, sex ratios, and habitat frequencies in a United States Mid-Atlantic freshwater tidal marsh, low forest, and their ecotone. Banisteria, 31, 47-52.

• Buck, J., & Buck, E. (1966). Biology of synchronous flashing of fireflies. Nature, 211, 562-564. https://doi.org/10.1038/211562a0

• Chey, V. K. (2004). Fireflies of Sungai Klias and their display trees. Sepilok Bulletin, 1, 67–69.

• Chey, V. K. (2006). Fireflies of Sungai Paitan. Sepilok Bulletin, 5(1), 1-6.

• Chey, V. K. (2010). Fireflies of Beaufort with special reference to Sungai Garama and Sungai Klias. Sepilok Bulletin, 12(1), 13–19.

• Dunn, R. R. (2005). Modern insect extinctions, the neglected majority. Conservation Biology, 19(4), 1030-1036. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00078.x

• Faudzi, R., Abas, A., Othman, N. W., & Mazlan, S. M. (2021). Effect of water quality on the abundance of firefly populations at Cherating River, Pahang, Malaysia. Environment Asia, 14(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.14456/ea.2021.8

• Foo, K., & Mahadimenakbar, M. D. (2015). Diversity of fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) of Sungai Teratak, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 12, 1-11.

• Foo, K., & Mahadimenakbar, M. D. (2017). Diversity of Pteroptyx fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and their display trees at Klias Peninsula, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 14, 95–103.

• González-Oreja, J. A. (2008). The encyclopedia of life vs. the brochure of life: Exploring the relationships between the extinction of species and the inventory of life on Earth. Zootaxa, 1965(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1965.1.3

• Hazmi, I. R., & Sagaff, S. A. S. (2017). Fireflies population and the aquaculture industry (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) of the Sungai Sepetang, Kampung Dew, Perak, Malaysia. Serangga, 22(2), 217-237.

• Jusoh, W. F. A. W., & Hashim, N. R. (2012). The effect of habitat modification on firefly populations at the Rembau-Linggi estuary, Peninsular Malaysia. Lampyrid, 2, 149-155.

• Jusoh, W. F. A. W., Hashim, N. R., & Ibrahim, Z. Z. (2010a). Distribution and abundance of Pteroptyx fireflies in Rembau-Linggi estuary, Peninsular Malaysia. EnvironmentAsia, 3(special issue), 56-60. https://doi.org/10.14456/EA.2010.40

• Jusoh, W. F. A. W., Hashim, N. R., & Ibrahim, Z. Z. (2010b). Firefly distribution and abundance on mangrove vegetation assemblages in Sepetang estuary, Peninsular Malaysia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 18, 367-373. https://doi/org/10.1007/s11273-009-9172-4

• Jusoh, W. F. A. W., Wong, C. H., & Hashim, N. R. (2011). Zonation of firefly species and their display trees along Kerteh River, Terengganu. Serangga, 16(2), 57-64.

• Jusoh, W. F. A., Ballantyne, L., & Chan, K. O. (2020). DNA-based species delimitation reveals cryptic and incipient species in synchronous flashing fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) of Southeast Asia. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 130(3), 520-532. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa072

• Jusoh, W. F. A., Ballantyne, L., Lambkin, C. L., Hashim, N. R., & Wahlberg, N. (2018). The firefly genus Pteroptyx Olivier revisited (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae). Zootaxa, 4456(1), 1-71. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4456.1.1

• Jusoh, W. F. A., Hashim, N. R., & Adam, N. A. (2013). Distribution of the synchronous flashing beetle Pteroptyx tener Olivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in Malaysia. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 67(4), 604-605. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-67.4.604

• Khoo, V., Nada, B., Kirton, L. G., & Phon, C. K. (2012). Monitoring the population of the firefly Pteroptyx tener along the Selangor River, Malaysia for conservation and sustainable ecotourism. Lampyrid, 2, 162-173.

• Kirton, L. G., Nada, B., Tan, S. A., Ang, L. H., Tang, L. K., Hui, T. F., & Ho, W. M. (2006). The Kampung Kuantan firefly project: A preliminary assessment of the habitat requirements of Pteroptyx tener (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237235622_The_Kampung_Kuantan_Firefly_Project_A_Preliminary_Assessment_of_the_Habitat_Requirements_of_Pteroptyx_tener_Coleoptera_Lampyridae

• Lee, S. S., Muhamad, A., & Tong, J. (Eds.) (2015). Mangrove guidebook for Malaysia. Wetlands International Malaysia.

• Lemelin, R. H., Boileau, E. Y., & Russell, C. (2019). Entomotourism: The allure of the arthropod. Society and Animals, 27(7), 733-750.

• Lewis, S. (2016). Silent sparks: The wondrous world of fireflies. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400880317

• Lewis, S. M., Wong, C. H., Owens, A., Fallon, C., Jepsen, S., Thancharoen, A., Wu, C., De Cock, R., Novák, M., López-Palafox, T., & Khoo, V., Reed, J. M. (2020). A global perspective on firefly extinction threats. BioScience, 70(2), 157-167. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz157

• Mahadimenakbar, M. D., Fiffy, H. S., & Godoong, E. (2009). Studies on the potential of fireflies watching tourism for firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae; Pteroptyx spp.) conservation. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268523025_Studies_on_the_Potential_of_Fireflies_Watching_Tourism_for_Firefly_Coleoptera_Lampyridae_Pteroptyx_spp_Conservation

• Mahadimenakbar, M. D., Jeperi, S. R., Fiffy Hanidah, S., & Bagul, A. H. B. P. (2018). Notes on congregating fireflies (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) of Binsulok River, Sabah. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 15, 155-162.

• Mahadimenakbar, M. D., Mahsol, H. H., & Ghani, M. A., (2007). The distribution and phenology of Pteroptyx fireflies (Coleoptera; Lampyridae) along Garama River, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 3, 1-9.

• Mahadimenakbar, M. D., Menno, S., & Zulhazman, H. (2002). Preliminary survey of fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah. https://www.academia.edu/27971071/Mahadimenakbar_M_Dawood_Menno_Schilthuizen_and_Zulhazman_Hamzah_2003_Preliminary_Survey_of_Fireflies_Coleoptera_Lampyridae_in_Lower_Kinabatangan_Sabah_Lower_Kinabatangan_Scientific_Expedition_2002_Universiti_Malaysia_Sabah_Pp27_36

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