e-ISSN 2231-8534
ISSN 0128-7702
Patiphol Yodsurang, Unyaporn Suthutvoravut and Wandee Pinijvarasin
Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, Volume 32, Issue 2, June 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.32.2.04
Keywords: Carrying capacity, impact, post-COVID-19, rapid survey, resilient, spatiality, tourism community
Published on: 28 June 2024
There are challenges to community-based tourism (CBT) post-COVID-19, and some health measures still need to be taken to prevent the risk of people spreading the disease and remaining safe from infection. It is especially important for those in rural areas, who may have limited access to healthcare and other resources, and certain health measures can be taken to protect themselves and others. Nineteen tourism community cases from rural Ayutthaya were selected for study since their CBT recovered faster from the pandemic than in other provinces. Data were recorded and collected on the physical and actual conditions of the properties surveyed. Principal component analysis was then implemented to the dataset to clarify the major spatial management attributes contributing to decisions on the operation of the tourism community during a crisis. The study results revealed that multi-center tourism communities with several activity bases were more able to fully operate and quickly return to tourism. This pattern of community spatiality is a key factor in promoting resilience in the tourism community during and after the pandemic. The findings are expected to benefit the development of post-COVID-19 community tourism to suggest appropriate approaches for managing a geospatial tourism community.
Afenyo-Agbe, E., & Mensah, I. (2022). Principles, benefits, and barriers to community-based tourism: Implications for management. In I. Mensah & E. Afenyo-Agbe (Eds.), Prospects and challenges of community-based tourism and changing demographics (pp. 1-29). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7335-8.ch001
Anwari, N., Ahmed, M. T., Islam, M. R., Hadiuzzaman, M., & Amin, S. (2021). Exploring the travel behavior changes caused by the COVID-19 crisis: A case study for a developing country. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 9, Article 100334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100334
Association of Siamese Architects under Royal Patronage. (2020). Building management and facilities for safety from COVID-19 infection. https://asa.or.th/handbook/covid-19/
Badal, B. P. (2020). Bhaktapur tourism. Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies, 3(1), 29-55. https://doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v3i1.29650
Bañón, L., & Bañón, C. (2020). Improving room carrying capacity within built environments in the context of COVID-19. Symmetry, 12(10), Article 1683. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12101683
Bazant, M. Z., & Bush, J. W. M. (2021). Beyond six feet: A Guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(17), Article e2018995118. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.26.20182824
Boullon, R. (2004). Planning tourist space. Trillas.
Chan, C.-T. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on domestic tourism by older people in Taiwan. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, Article 885632. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.885632
Cheer, J. M. (2020). Human flourishing, tourism transformation and COVID-19: A conceptual touchstone. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 514-524. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1765016
Community Development Department. (2018). OTOP Village Project Management Manual for 8 routes Tourism (OTOP Village). Ministry of Interior Affair. https://korat.cdd.go.th/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2018/05/คู่มือการบริหารOTOP-Village.pdf
“Creative tourism” attracts premium tourists. (2020, November 16). Bangkok Biz News. https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/news/detail/908084
Ding, A., Cenci, J., & Zhang, J. (2022). Links between the pandemic and urban green spaces, a perspective on spatial indices of landscape garden cities in China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 85, Article 104046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104046
Ellis, S., & Sheridan, L. (2014). The legacy of war for community-based tourism development: Learnings from Cambodia. Community Development Journal, 49(1), 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bst015
Elskalakany, S. M., Tolba, O., & Fahmy, A. (2022). Application of COVID-19 guidelines in workplace design. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1056(1), Article 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1056/1/012009
Fenitra, R. M., Abbas, A., Ekowati, D., & Suhairidi, F. (2022). Strategic intent and strategic leadership: A review perspective for post-COVID-19 tourism and hospitality industry recovery. In P. Mohanty, A. Sharma, J. Kennell, & A. Hassan (Eds.), The Emerald handbook of destination recovery in tourism and hospitality (pp. 23-44). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80262-073-320221003
Fernandez, J. M., Sanchez, D. M., & Izquierdo, L. E. (2022). Tourism planning and management during COVID-19 pandemic: A lesson from Girona. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 10(6), 299-318. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2022.106023
Fuller, H. R., & Huseth-Zosel, A. (2021). Lessons in resilience: Initial coping among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gerontologist, 61(1), 114-125. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa170
Gao, Y., Sun, D., & Zhang, J. (2021). Study on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the spatial behavior of urban tourists based on commentary big data: A case study of Nanjing, China. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(10), Article 678. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100678
Giampiccoli, A., & Mtapuri, O. (2015). Between theory and practice: A conceptualization of community based tourism and community participation. Loyola Journal of Social Sciences, 29(1), 27-52.
Gorenko, J. A., Moran, C., Flynn, M., Dobson, K., & Konnert, C. (2021). Social isolation and psychological distress among older adults related to COVID-19: A narrative review of remotely-delivered interventions and recommendations. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 40(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464820958550
Hall, C. M., Scott, D., & Gössling, S. (2020). Pandemics, transformations and tourism: Be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 577-598. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1759131
Herron, R. V., Lawrence, B. C., Newall, N. E. G., Ramsey, D., Waddell-Henowitch, C. M., & Dauphinais, J. (2022). Rural older adults’ resilience in the context of COVID-19. Social Science & Medicine, 306, Article 115153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115153
Honey-Rosés, J., Anguelovski, I., Chireh, V. K., Daher, C., van den Bosch, C. K., Litt, J. S., Mawani, V., McCall, M. K., Orellana, A., Oscilowicz, E., Sánchez, U., Senbel, M., Tan, X., Villagomez, E., Zapata, O., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on public space: An early review of the emerging questions – design, perceptions and inequities. Cities & Health, 5(sup1), S263-S279. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1780074
Hu, Z., & Zhang, Q. F. (2022). The resilience of diversified clusters: Reconfiguring commodity networks in rural China during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Land, 11(3), Article 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11030404
Huynh, D. V., Duong, L. H., Nguyen, N. T., & Truong, T. T. K. (2022). Tourism vulnerability amid the pandemic crisis: Impacts and implications for rebuilding resilience of a local tourism system in Vietnam. Social Sciences, 11(10), Article 441. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11100441
Ibănescu, B.-C., Stoleriu, O. M., Munteanu, A., & Iațu, C. (2018). The impact of tourism on sustainable development of rural areas: Evidence from Romania. Sustainability, 10(10), Article 3529. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103529
Jugmohan, S., Spencer, J., & Steyn, J. (2016). Local natural and cultural heritage assets and community based tourism: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 22, 306-317.
Kang, J., Duan, X., Yan, W., & Ma, Z. (2022). Spatial differentiation and impact factors of tourism development: A case study of the Central Plains, China. Sustainability, 14(12), Article 7313. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127313
Kimura, M., Ojima, T., Ide, K., & Kondo, K. (2020). Allaying post-COVID 19 negative health impacts among older people: The “need to do something with others”-lessons from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 32(8), 479-484. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520951396
Kupi, M., & Szemerédi, E. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 on the destination choices of Hungarian tourists: A comparative analysis. Sustainability, 13(24), Article 13785. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413785
Lamers, M., & Student, J. (2021). Learning from COVID-19? An environmental mobilities and flows perspective on dynamic vulnerabilities in coastal tourism settings. Maritime Studies, 20(4), 475-486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40152-021-00242-1
Lim, J., Kourtit, K., Nijkamp, P., & Stream, C. (2022). Spatial deconcentration of tourism concentrations: A visitors’ galaxy impact model of the COVID-19 crisis. Sustainability, 14(6), Article 3239. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063239
Lindström, K., & Larson, M. (2016). Community-based tourism in practice: Evidence from three coastal communities in Bohuslan, Sweden. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 33, 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1515/bog-2016-0025
Manifesty, O. R., & Lee, J. (2022). A spatial adaptation strategy for safe campus open spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Korea University. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), Article 9390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159390
Ministry of Tourism and Sports. (2022). Tourism Statistics 2022. https://www.mots.go.th/images/v2022_1709902126810RG9tZXN0aWNfUTEtUTRf4Lib4Li1LTI1NjVf4Lib4Lij4Liw4LmA4LiX4LioLnhsc3g=.xlsx
Ministry of Tourism and Sports. (2023). Domestic Tourism Statistics 2022. https://www.mots.go.th/news/category/657
Moayerian, N., McGehee, N. G., & Stephenson, M. O. (2022). Community cultural development: Exploring the connections between collective art making, capacity building and sustainable community-based tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 93, Article 103355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103355
Oppermann, R., Aguirre, E., Bleil, R., Calabuig, J. D., Šálek, M., Schmotzer, A., & Schraml, A. (2021). A rapid method for monitoring landscape structure and ecological value in European Farmlands: the LISA approach. Landscape Online, 90. https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.202190
Pan, H., Chen, M., & Shiau, W. L. (2022). Exploring post-pandemic struggles and recoveries in the rural tourism based on Chinese situation: A perspective from the IAD framework. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 13(1), 120-139. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-11-2020-0300
Persson-Fischer, U., & Liu, S. (2021). The impact of a global crisis on areas and topics of tourism research. Sustainability, 13(2), Article 906. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020906
Pocinho, M., Garcês, S., & de Jesus, S. N. (2022). Wellbeing and resilience in tourism: A systematic literature review during COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 748947. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.748947
Prajongkarn, W., Riancharoen, T., & Surawattananon, N. (2020, October 13). Peid s̄witch̒ p̣hākh kār th̀xng theī̀yw xỳāngrị h̄ı̂ khûm s̄eī̀yng เปิดสวิตช์ภาคการท่องเที่ยวอย่างไรให้คุ้มเสี่ยง. [How to switch on the tourism sector to be worth the risk]. Bank of Thailand. https://www.bot.or.th/th/research-and-publications/articles-and-publications/articles/Article_13Oct2020.html
Pratomlek, O. (2020, June 4). Critical nature: Community-based tourism in Thailand: Impact and recovery from the COVID-19. Center for Social Development Studies. Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University. https://www.csds-chula.org/publications/2020/6/2/critical-nature-community-based-tourism-in-thailand-impact-and-recovery-from-the-covid-19
Promislow, D. E. L. (2020). A geroscience perspective on COVID-19 mortality. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 75(9), e30-e33. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa094
Ratanapongtra, T., & Techakana, J. (2019). An approach to retain Ayutthaya as a destination of cultural tourism in Thailand. Asian Administration & Management Review, 2(2), 181-189.
Research and Development Group. (2022, May 24). The situation of “reviving physical activity” of the Thai population from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thailand Physical Activity Knowledge Development Centre. https://www.tpak.or.th/th/article/545
Sann, R., Lai, P.-C., & Chen, C.-T. (2023). Crisis adaptation in a Thai community-based tourism setting during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative phenomenological approach. Sustainability, 15(1), Article 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010340
Shahid, Z., Kalayanamitra, R., McClafferty, B., Kepko, D., Ramgobin, D., Patel, R., Aggarwal, C. S., Vunnam, R., Sahu, N., Bhatt, D., Jones, K., Golamari, R., & Jain, R. (2020). COVID-19 and older adults: What we know. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(5), 926-929. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16472
Sitikarn, B., Kankaew, K., Sawangdee, Y., & Pathan, A. (2022). Coffee value symbiosis toward a mountain geographical community-based tourism in Thailand. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites. 42(2spl), 657-663. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.422spl03-874
Sunakorn, P., & Pinijvarasin, W. (2007). Local identity the hill-tribe villages of northern. In C. Bull, D. Boontharm, C. Parin, & D. Radovic (Eds.), Cross-cultural urban design: Global or local practice? (1st ed., pp. 119-124). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203826225
Świąder, M. (2018). The implementation of the concept of environmental carrying capacity into spatial management of cities. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 29(6), 1059-1074. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-03-2018-0049
Tan, T., Zha, J., Tang, J., Ma, R., & Li, W. (2022). Spatial-temporal disparities in the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 on domestic tourism demand: A study of Emeishan National Park in Mainland China. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 28(3), 261-284. https://doi.org/10.1177/13567667211053385
Tangirala, M. (2020, April 9). What COVID spells for community-based tourism. Tata trusts. https://www.tatatrusts.org/insights/opinions/what-covid-spells-for-community-based-tourism
Teddlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2009). Foundations of mixed methods research: Integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioral sciences. Sage.
United Nations Population Fund. (2020). COVID-19 and older persons: Evidence from the survey in Thailand. https://thailand.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/covid-19_report-online-revised_2021.pdf
Vicerra, P. M. M. (2021). Knowledge-behavior gap on COVID-19 among older people in rural Thailand. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721421997207
Waelveerakup, W., Aeamlaor, S., Manalo, R. J. C., Pheungsakul, J., Phonudom, P., Yodyai, S., & Chaiyo, S. (2022). Social support of the older persons during the second waves of COVID-19 pandemic in semi-rural Thailand. Interdisciplinary Research Review, 17(2), 8-13.
Werapol, T., & Prachet, A. (2004). P̄hl thī̀ keid k̄hụ̂n cāk kār cạd kickrrm kār th̀xng theī̀yw t̀x prachāchn nı phụ̄̂nthī̀ tảbl mæ̀ ræm xảp̣hex mæ̀rim cạngh̄wạd cheīyngh̄ım̀ ผลที่เกิดขึ้นจากการจัดกิจกรรมการท่องเที่ยวต่อประชาชนในพื้นที่ ตำบลแม่แรม อำเภอแม่ริม จังหวัดเชียงใหม่่. [Consequence of tourism activities management on the local community Tumbon Maeram, Amphur Maerim Chiangmai, Thailand]. Faculty of Agricultural Production, Meajo University. https://doi.org/10.14457/MJU.res.2004.3
Wikantiyoso, R., Prakasa Wikananda, T., Triyosoputri, E., Sukanti Cahyaningsih, D., & Galih Sulaksono, A. (2022). Rural tourism destination spatial interventions face the risk of COVID-19 infection case study: Kampong Boenga Grangsil Tourism Destination, Dampit District, Malang Regency. International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 10(3), 50-64. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.10.3_50
World Health Organization. (2020, June 29). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Mass gatherings. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-mass-gatherings
Worrachaddejchai, D. (2021, February 12). Lacking vaccination plan, TAT sees Q3 return for foreigners. Bangkok Post. https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2067043/lacking-vaccination-plan-tat-sees-q3-return-for-foreigners
Yang, Y., Li, Y., Kral, K., Hupert, N., & Dogan, T. (2021). Urban design attributes and resilience: COVID-19 evidence from New York City. Buildings and Cities, 2, 618-636. https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.130
Yodsurang, P., Kiatthanawat, A., Sanoamuang, P., Kraseain, A., & Pinijvarasin, W. (2022). Community-based tourism and heritage consumption in Thailand: An upside-down classification based on heritage consumption. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), Article 2096531. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2096531
Zukhri, N., & Rosalina, E. (2020). Acceleration model for tourism industry recovery based on environment post COVID-19. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 599, Article 012090. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/599/1/012090
ISSN 0128-7702
e-ISSN 2231-8534
Related Articles