PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

The impact of a disaster is closely related to the response and recovery of the lead responding agency in managing the disaster effectively. Malaysia has established the MNSC20 policies for managing disasters. Unfortunately, the implementation of MNSC20 can only be evaluated through lead responding agency disaster exercises. Each responding agency’s responsibility is to identify and record the information as required to ensure effective emergency management; however, problems in terms of inaccurate and/or incomplete information may be many challenges that need to be addressed. Hence, this paper aims to propose several areas for improvement for planning and information management elements in effective emergency management theory by identifying its challenges through the FRDM, which may benefit Malaysia’s overall emergency management process. Four disaster exercises at the state and federal levels were observed using a structured checklist. The result indicates challenges were found in terms of proactivity in gaining information, disseminating critical information during emergencies, developing a specific incident action plan, and media management. A good area of improvement is suggested based on the evaluation. It is hoped that this paper could contribute to developing better disaster management by the lead responding agency in Malaysia.

• Bharosa, N., Lee, J., & Janssen, M. (2010). Challenges and obstacles in sharing and coordinating information during multi-agency disaster response: Propositions from field exercises. Information Systems Frontiers, 12, 49-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-009-9174-z

• Bullock, J. A., Haddow, G. D., & Coppola, D. P. (2020). Introduction to ­ emergency ­ management seventh edition. Elsevier.

• Cruz, M. C., & Ferenchak, N. N. (2020). Emergency response times for fatal motor vehicle crashes, 1975-2017. Transportation Research Record, 2674(8), 504-510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120927698

• Haddow, G. D., Bullock, J. A., & Coppola, D. P. (2017). Introduction to emergency management sixth edition. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803064-6.00011-1

• Hussin, M. F., Khairilmizal, S., Basri, S. H., Yassin, A. I. M., Kamarudin, A. H., Salleh, M. K. M., Jusoh, M. H., Sulaiman, A. A., & Saadun, J. (2018). The role of human factors in emergency management: A Malaysian company perspective. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(3), 490-493.

• Hussin, M. F., Wang, B., & Hipnie, R. (2012). The reliability and validity of basic offshore safety and emergency training knowledge test. Journal of King Saud University- Engineering Sciences, 24(2), 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2011.05.002

• Jiang, Y., & Yuan, Y. (2019). Emergency logistics in a large-scale disaster context: Achievements and challenges. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(5), Article 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050779

• Kamarudin, A. H., Basri, S. H., Hussin, M. F., & Khairilmizal, S. (2016). Effective emergency management: A Malaysian public listed oil and gas company perspective. In International Medical Science Technology Conference (IMSTC2016). UniKL MESTECH.

• Khan, M. A., Kamal, T., Illiyan, A., & Asif, M. (2021). School students’ perception and challenges towards online classes during Covid-19 pandemic in India: An econometric analysis. Sustainability, 13(9), Article 4786. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094786

• Kurita, T., Nakamura, A., Kodama, M., & Colombage, S. R. N. (2006). Tsunami public awareness and the disaster management system of Sri Lanka. Disaster Prevention and Management, 15(1), 92-110. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560610654266

• Lestari, P., Paripurno, E. T., & Nugroho, A. R. B. (2019). Table top exercise disaster communication model in reducing disaster risk. Jurnal Penelitian Komunikasi, 22(1), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.20422/jpk.v22i1.587

• Lestari, P., Ritonga, R., Ruliana, P., & Barus, C. C. B. (2020). Disaster communication uses field training exercise simulation as an important aspect of disaster risk reduction. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 36(1), 166-186. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2020-3601-10

• Madigan, M. L. (2017). Hazmat guide for first responder. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315230795

• MNSC. (2012). Policy and mechanism of disaster in Malaysia. Malaysia National Security Council.

• Moynihan, D. P. (2009). The network governance of crisis response: Case studies of incident command systems. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19(4), 895-915. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun033

• Quarantelli, E. L. (1997). Problematical aspects of the information/communication revolution for disaster planning and research: Ten non-technical issues and questions. Disaster Prevention and Management, 6(2), 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653569710164053

• Reid, P., & Van Niekerk, D. (2008). A model for a multi-agency response management system (MARMS) for South Africa. Disaster Prevention and Management, 17(2), 244-255. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560810872541

• Salmon, P., Stanton, N., Jenkins, D., & Walker, G. (2011). Coordination during multi-agency emergency response: Issues and solutions. Disaster Prevention and Management, 20(2), 140-158. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561111126085

• Samsudin, K. (2018). Database design for fire and rescue department malaysia integrated disaster management system (Doctoral dissertation). Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. https://ir.uitm.edu.my/view/doctype/thesis/

• Samsudin, K., & Hussain, A. R. (2016). SMEP 5203: Emergency management. Centre for Instructional Design and Technology, Open University Malaysia. https://www.academia.edu/29985999/SMEP_5203_Emergency_Management

• Samsudin, K., Hussin, M. F. F., Yassin, A. I. M., Husna, K. A., Sulaiman, A. A., Jusoh, M. H., & Kasri, M. H. (2016a). Evolution of disaster and disaster management policy in Malaysia. Advanced Science Letters, 22(12), 4209-4212. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2016.8107

• Samsudin, K., Hussin, M. F., Kamarudin, A. H., Yassin, A. I. M., Hamid, W. A. S. H. W. A., Jusoh, M. H., Sulaiman, A. A., & Saadun, J. (2016b). The need for an integrated disaster management system for lead responding agency in Malaysia during response and recovery phase. International Journal on Information, 19(8A), 3307-3311.

• Samsudin, K., Hussin, M. F., Kamarudin, A. H., Yassin, A. I. M., Hamid, W. A. S. H. W. A., Saadun, J., & Hussain, A. R. (2016c). Model of an incident potential index and integrated disaster management online system for lead responding agency in Malaysia during response and recovery phase. In A. S. Arshad, A. H. A. Hai, & M. R. Samsudin (Eds.), Technology and Applications for Disaster Management 2nd International Conference, (pp. 28-29). Astronautic Technology (M) SDN. BHD.

• Samsudin, K., Hussin, M. F., Yassin, A. I. M., Hussain, A. R., Husna, K. A., Jusoh, M. H., Sulaiman, A. A., Saadun, J., & Kasri, M. H. (2016d). Policy on disaster management in Malaysia: The need of supporting governance. Advanced Science Letters, 22(12), 4213-4215. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2016.8108

• Samsudin, K., Hussin, M. F. F., Husna, K. A., Yassin, A. I. M., Jusoh, M. H., Sulaiman, A. A., Hamid, W. A. S. H. B. W., & Saadun, J. (2017a). Criteria for an integrated disaster management system for lead responding agency in Malaysia. Advanced Science Letters, 23(5), 4278-4280. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2017.8248

• Samsudin, K., Hussin, M. F., Yassin, A. I. M., Kamarudin, A. H., Jusoh, M. H., Sulaiman, A. A., Saadun, J., Kasri, M. H., & Hussain, A. R. (2017b). Design and development of strategic disaster management database for lead responding agency in Malaysia during response and early recovery phases. International Journal of Electrical & Electronic Systems Research (IEESR), 10, 1-8.

• Samsudin, K., Hussin, M. F., Yassin, A. I. M., Salleh, M. K. M., Kamarudin, A. H., Jusoh, M. H., Sulaiman, A. A., Saadun, J., Kasri, M. H., & Hussain, A. R. (2018). Incident potential index model complimenting Malaysia disaster management environment. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(3), 486-489.

• Samsudin, K., Hussin, M. F., Ghazali, N. F. N., Ghani, N. H. A., Kamarudin, A. H., Sansuddin, N., Khan, Z. I., & Hussein, K. (2020a). Association between workload and psychological well-being in malaysia elite firefighter. International Conference on Science and Social Research, 21(2), 374-381. https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.21/no.2/art.1067

• Samsudin, K., Hussin, M. F., Kamarudin, A. H., Kasri, H., Hussain, A. R., & Yassin, A. I. M. (2020b). Effective emergency management: The roles of knowledge and practice of command structure for lead responding agencies. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 12(1), 33-41.

• Samsudin, K., Hussin, M. F., Kamarudin, A. H., Yassin, A. I. M., Kasri, M. H., & Hussain, A. R. (2020c). Expert system development process of integrated disaster management system for lead responding agency in Malaysia during response and early recovery phases. International Journal of Electrical & Electronic Systems Research (IEESR), 16, 47-53.

• Samsudin, K., Yassin, A. I. M., Kamarudin, A. H., Kasri, M. H., Saadun, J., & Hussin, M. F. (2020d). Dissecting the challenges of the lead responding agency during disaster management exercises. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 12(1), 42-51.

• Sandler, D., & Schwab, A. K. (2021). Hazard mitigation and preparedness. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003123897

• Sardi, M. F., & Razak, K. A. (2019). Assessment of effectiveness of emergency response time during landslide event in Malaysia. ASM Science Journal, 12, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.32802/ASMSCJ.2019.360

• Shaluf, I. M. (2008). Technological disaster stages and management. Disaster Prevention and Management, 17(1), 114-126. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560810855928

• Shoaib, M., & Abdullah, F. (2020). Risk reduction of COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. Social Work in Public Health, 35(7), 557-568. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2020.1806172

• Subramaniam, C., Ali, H., & Shamsudin, F. M. (2012). Initial emergency response performance of fire fighters in Malaysia. Public Sector Management, 25(1), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513551211200294

• Travis, L. (2010). One of many free survey tools: Google docs. Journal of Electronic Resources in Medical Libraries, 7(2), 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/15424065.2010.482902

• Waring, S., Moran, J. L., & Page, R. (2020). Decision-making in multiagency multiteam systems operating in extreme environments. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(3), 629-653. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12309