PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

The retirement village is increasingly accepted as a suitable living arrangement for older people post-retirement. Nevertheless, the specific design elements that should be included in the village to cater for the needs of elderly individuals in Malaysia remain unclear and open to interpretation. Thus, this research examines Generation X’s expectations of the required features that a retirement village should have for more sustainable living. Generation X is selected as the case study as this generation will be the nearest generation that will be the occupant of the retirement village. In this quantitative study, the questionnaire survey method is utilised to investigate the correlation between two primary concepts: the design feature of retirement villages and their influence on the motivation to relocate to such communities. The factors are identified from the integrative literature review conducted. The structural equation model is used to verify if the retirement village design features can significantly influence Generation X’s motivation to move into a retirement village in Malaysia. The retirement village posed three important design features: senior-oriented basic settings, age-friendly social environment, and environmentally friendly design features. The outcome could guide stakeholders to view the retirement village concept based on the local context and set the stage for future research on age-friendly housing facilities for older individuals. However, the results derived from this paper are purely based on the quantitative approach and can be further validated through a qualitative approach to understand each outcome better.

• Adlakha, D., Chandra, M., Krishna, M., Smith, L., & Tully, M. A. (2021). Designing age-friendly communities: Exploring qualitative perspectives on urban green spaces and ageing in two Indian megacities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), Article 1491. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041491

• Aini, A. M., Murni, N., & Wan Abd Aziz, W. N. A. (2016). Housing aspirations of the elderly in Malaysia: A comparison of urban and rural areas. Journal of Design and Built Environment, 16(2), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.22452/jdbe.vol16no2.2

• Allen, J. G., MacNaughton, P., Satish, U., Santanam, S., Vallarino, J., & Spengler, J. D. (2015). Associations of cognitive function scores with carbon dioxide, ventilation, and volatile organic compound exposures in office workers: A controlled exposure study of green and conventional office environments. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(6), 805-812. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510037

• Azis, S. S. A. (2021). Improving present-day energy savings among green building sector in Malaysia using benefit transfer approach: Cooling and lighting loads. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 137, Article 110570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110570

• Bozo, Ö., Anahar, S., Ateş, G., & Etel, E. (2010). Effects of illness representation, perceived quality of information provided by the health-care professional, and perceived social support on depressive symptoms of the caregivers of children with leukemia. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 17, 23-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-009-9177-4

• Broadbent, E., Tamagawa, R., Patience, A., Knock, B., Kerse, N., Day, K., & MacDonald, B. A. (2012). Attitudes towards health‐care robots in a retirement village. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 31(2), 115-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2011.00551.x

• Buys, L., & Miller, E. (2007). The physical, leisure and social activities of very old Australian men living in a retirement village and the community. Geriaction, 25(2), 15-19.

• Buys, L., Miller, E., & Barnett, K. (2006). The personal, practical and policy implications of older Australians’ residential choice. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 20(1-2), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.1300/J081v20n01_03

• Chan, K. W., & Mansor, N. (2022). Elderly independent living in elderly care homes. MAJ-Malaysia Architectural Journal, 4(3), 36-42.

• Chandler, R., & Robinson, O. (2014). Wellbeing in retirement villages: Eudaimonic challenges and opportunities. Journal of Aging Studies, 31, 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2014.08.001

• Cheek, J., Ballantyne, A., Byers, L., & Quan, J. (2007). From retirement village to residential aged care: what older people and their families say. Health & Social Care in the Community, 15, 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2006.00646.x

• Chung, C. F., Pazim, K. H., & Mansur, K. (2020). Ageing population: Policies and programmes for older people in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, 2(2), 92-96.

• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral science (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

• Crisp, D. A., Windsor, T. D., Anstey, K. J., & Butterworth, P. (2013). Considering relocation to a retirement village: Predictors from a community sample. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 32(2), 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2012.00618.x

• Crisp, D. A., Windsor, T. D., Butterworth, P., & Anstey, K. J. (2013). What are older adults seeking? Factors encouraging or discouraging retirement village living. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 32(3), 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2012.00623.x

• Darko, A., & Chan, A. P. (2017). Review of barriers to green building adoption. Sustainable Development, 25(3), 167-179. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1651

• Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2019, July 15). Current population estimates, Malaysia, 2018-2019 [Press Release]. https://v1.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=aWJZRkJ4UEdKcUZpT2tVT090Snpydz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09#:~:text=Malaysia’s%20population%20in%202019%20is,1.1%20per%20cent%20in%202018

• Economic Planning Unit. (2021). RMK12 Rancangan Malaysia Kedua Belas [The Twelfth Malaysia Plan]. Ministry of Economy. https://rmke12.epu.gov.my/en

• Fan, Y., & Xia, X. (2018). Energy-efficiency building retrofit planning for green building compliance. Building and Environment, 136, 312-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.03.044

• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312

• Goldhaber, R., & Donaldson, R. (2012). Alternative reflections on the elderly’s sense of place in a South African gated retirement village. South African Review of Sociology, 43(3), 64-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/21528586.2012.727548

• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Balin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.

• Haraldstad, K., Wahl, A., Andenæs, R., Andersen, J. R., Andersen, M. H., Beisland, Beisland, E., Borge, C. R., Engebretsen, E., Eisemann, M., Halvorsrud, L., Hanssen, T. A., Haugstvedt, A., Haugland, T., Johansen, V. A., Larsen, M. H., Løvereide, L. Løyland, B., Kvarme, L. G., Moons, P., Norekvål, T. M., … LIVSFORSK network. (2019). A systematic review of quality of life research in medicine and health sciences. Quality of Life Research, 28(10), 2641-2650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-019-02214-9

• Holland, C., Boukouvalas, A., Wallis, S., Clarkesmith, D., Cooke, R., Liddell, L., & Kay, A. (2017). Transition from community dwelling to retirement village in older adults: Cognitive functioning and psychological health outcomes. Ageing & Society, 37(7), 1499-1526. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X16000477

• Hu, X., Xia, B., Chong, H. Y., Skitmore, M., & Buys, L. (2020). Improving the sustainable retirement village framework: From theory to practice. Journal of Cleaner Production, 248, Article 119290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119290

• Hu, X., Xia, B., Skitmore, M., & Buys, L. (2015). Conceptualizing sustainable retirement villages in Australia. In A. B. Raidén & E. Aboagye-Nimo (Eds.), Proceedings 31st Annual ARCOM Conference (pp. 357-366). Association of Researchers in Construction Management.

• Hu, X., Xia, B., Skitmore, M., Buys, L., & Hu, Y. (2017). What is a sustainable retirement village? Perceptions of Australian developers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 164, 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.227

• Humpel, N., O’Loughlin, K., Wells, Y., & Kendig, H. (2010). The health of Australian baby boomers. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 29, 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2010.00412.x

• Hwang, B. G., & Tan, J. S. (2012). Green building project management: Obstacles and solutions for sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 20(5), 335-349. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.492

• Illankoon, I. C. S., & Lu, W. (2020). Cost implications of obtaining construction waste management-related credits in green building. Waste Management, 102, 722-731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.024

• Irvine, J., Ran, G. J., Terruhn, J., & Cain, T. (2020). Ageing and wellbeing in Northcote. CADDANZ Brief, (10). https://www.waikato.ac.nz/assets/Uploads/Research/Research-entities/CaDDANZ/10-Ageing-andCaDDANZ-Brief-8-Wellbeing-in-Northcote_JT-final-edits.pdf

• Ismail, K., Alauddin, K., Talib, Y. A., & Salleh, N. (2021). Conceptualization of cultural sustainability for elderly Pondok Village (EPV). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 881, Article 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/881/1/012024

• Jones, A., Howe, A., Tilse, C., Bartlett, H., & Stimson, B. (2010). Service integrated housing for Australians in later life (AHURI Final Report No. 141). Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute. https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2010-01/apo-nid20085.pdf

• Julaihi, F. A., Bohari, A. A. M., Azman, M. A., Kipli, K., & Amirul, S. R. (2022). The preliminary results on the push factors for the elderly to move to retirement villages in Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 30(2), 761-778. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.30.2.18

• Kronenberg, T. (2009). The impact of demographic change on energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in Germany. Ecological Economics, 68(10), 2637-2645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.04.016

• Kylén, M., Löfqvist, C., Haak, M., & Iwarsson, S. (2019). Meaning of home and health dynamics among younger older people in Sweden. European Journal of Ageing, 16, 305-315 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-019-00501-5

• Lawton, M. P., & Nahemow, L. (1973). Ecology and the aging process. In C. Eisdorfer & M. P. Lawton (Eds.), The psychology of adult development and aging (pp. 619-674). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10044-020

• Lim, X. J., Ng, S. I., & Basha, N. K. (2019). To retire or not to retire: Intention towards concept of retirement village in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Business Research, 9, 60-80. https://doi.org/10.14707/ajbr.190056

• Lim, X. J., Ng, S. I., Basha, N. K., Cheah, J. H., & Ting, H. (2020). To move or not to move? A study of sustainable retirement village in Malaysia. Current Psychology, 41, 2122-2138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00734-z

• Malta, S., Williams, S. B., & Batchelor, F. A. (2018). ‘An ant against an elephant’: Retirement village residents’ experiences of disputes and dispute resolution. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 37(3), 202-209. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12524

• Mansor, M. N. M., Maon, S. N., Ahmad, M., & Daud, N. M. (2016). Attracting factors of retirement village migration: A literature review. Advances in Business Research International Journal, 2(2), 48-51. https://doi.org/10.24191/abrij.v2i2.10024

• Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2018). Pelan tindakan perkhidmatan kesihatan warga emas [National health policy for older persons]. https://www.kpwkm.gov.my/kpwkm/uploads/files/Penerbitan/Plan/Pelan%20Tindakan%20Perkhidmatan%20Kesihatan%20Warga%20Emas.pdf

• Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development. (2018). Dasar warga Emas Negara [National senior citizens policy]. https://www.kpwkm.gov.my/kpwkm/uploads/files/Dokumen/Dasar/Dasar%20Warga%20Emas_2011.pdf

• Morseletto, P., Mooren, C. E., & Munaretto, S. (2022). Circular economy of water: Definition, strategies and challenges. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 2, 1463-1477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-022-00165-x

• Ng, S. I., Zhao, F., Lim, X. J., Lim, X.-J., Kamal Basha, N., & Sambasivan, M. (2020). Retirement village buying intention: A case study on the Muslim and non-Muslim Malaysian elderly. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 32(7), 1451-1473. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-05-2019-0295

• Osei-Kyei, R., Wuni, I. Y., Xia, B., & Minh, T. T. (2020). Research trend on retirement village development for the elderly: A scientometric analysis. Journal of Aging and Environment, 34(4), 402-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/26892618.2019.1707738

• Oswald, F., Wahl, H.-W., Naumann, D., Mollenkopf, H., & Hieber, A. (2006). The role of the home environment in middle and late adulthood. In H.-W. Wahl, H. Brenner, H. Mollenkopf, D. Rothenbacher, & C. Rott (Eds.), The many faces of health, competence and well-being in old age (pp. 7-24). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4138-1_2

• Pan, Y., Yin, R., & Huang, Z. (2008). Energy modeling of two office buildings with data center for green building design. Energy and Buildings, 40(7), 1145-1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.10.008

• Park, J. S., & Yoon, C. H. (2011). The effects of outdoor air supply rate on work performance during 8‐h work period. Indoor Air, 21(4), 284-290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00700.x

• Petersen, M., Tilse, C., & Cockburn, T. (2017). Living in a retirement village: Choice, contracts, and constraints. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 31(3), 229-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763893.2017.1280580

• Plouffe, L. J., & Kalache, A. (2010). Towards global age-friendly cities: Determining urban features that promote active aging. Journal of Urban Health, 87(5), 733-739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-010-9466-0

• Prajapati, B., Dunne, M. & Armstrong, R. (2010). Sample size estimation and statistical power analyses. Optometry Today. https://floppybunny.org/robin/web/virtualclassroom/stats/basics/articles/gpower/Gpower_tutorial_Prajapati_2010-.pdf

• Quine, S., & Carter, S. (2006). Australian baby boomers’ expectations and plans for their old age. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 25, 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2006.00147.x

• Salem, R., Bahadori-Jahromi, A., & Mylona, A. (2019). Investigating the impacts of a changing climate on the risk of overheating and energy performance for a UK retirement village adapted to the nZEB standards. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 40(4), 470-491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143624419844753

• Samsudin, S., Latif, M. R. S. A., Ngadiman, N., & Jagun, Z. T. (2023). An ideal of retirement villages business model in Malaysia: Analysis of case studies. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 8(23), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v8i23.4471

• Satariano, W. (2006). Epidemiology of aging: An ecological approach. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

• Schoene, D., Heller, C., Aung, Y. N., Sieber, C. C., Kemmler, W., & Freiberger, E. (2019). A systematic review on the influence of fear of falling on quality of life in older people: Is there a role for falls? Clinical Interventions in Aging, 14, 701-719. https://doi.org/10.2147/cia.s197857

• Soper, D. S. (2013). A-priori sample size calculator for multiple regression [Online software]. Retrieved November 15, 2023, from http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc

• Sritharan, K., Hong, K. Y., Krishnan, K., Khor, B. N., K., Manickam, M. K., Phua, C. U., Chin M. Y. R., Razak, S. S. A., Muthu, S. D., & Yong, W. S. W. (2019). Factors that influences the intention of middle-aged adults’ in Johor to move into a retirement village. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 4(5), 34-42.

• Takagi, E., & Silverstein, M. (2006). Intergenerational coresidence of the Japanese elderly: Are cultural norms proactive or reactive? Research on Aging, 28(4), 473-492. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027506287788

• Takagi, E., & Silverstein, M. (2011). Purchasing piety? Coresidence of married children with their older parents in Japan. Demography, 48(4), 1559-1579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0053-0

• Tan, B. C., Lau, T. C., Khan, N., Tan, W. H., & Ooi, C. P. (2021). Elderly customers’ open innovation on smart retirement village: What they want and what drive their intention to relocate? Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(4), Article 207. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7040207

• Tan, E. P., Chong, S. C., Bui, W. K. T., & Lim, C. Y. (2022). Economics of ageing in Malaysia: A study of older adults’ perception towards retirement villages. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 26(2), 1-7.

• Taylor, A., Pilkington, R., Feist, H., Dal Grande, E., & Hugo, G. (2014). A survey of retirement intentions of baby boomers: An overview of health, social and economic determinants. BMC Public Health, 14, Article 355. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-355

• Tey, N. P. (2017). Population ageing in Malaysia. In A. Abeykoon, N. Murat, G. Rocas, & A. C. Naraval (Eds.), Ageing: Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Cambodia: Demographic transition, policy and programmatic responses (pp. 48-69). International Council on Management of Population Programmes (ICOMP). https://psu.um.edu.my/images/Reading/TNP%20book%20chapter%20ICOMP-IPPF-AGEING_case-studies.pdf

• Tobi, S., Fathi, M. S., & Amaratunga, D. (2017). Ageing in place, an overview for the elderly in Malaysia. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1891, Article 020101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5005434

• Vatalis, K. I., Manoliadis, O., Charalampides, G., Platias, S., & Savvidis, S. (2013). Sustainability components affecting decisions for green building projects. Procedia Economics and Finance, 5, 747-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(13)00087-7

• Viechtbauer, W., Smits, L., Kotz, D., Budé, L., Spigt, M., Serroyen, J., & Crutzen, R. (2015). A simple formula for the calculation of sample size in pilot studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(11), 1375-1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.04.014

• Wahl, H.-W., Iwarsson, S., & Oswald, F. (2012). Aging well and the environment: Toward an integrative model and research agenda for the future. Gerontologist, 52(3), 306-316. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnr154

• Waidyasekara, K. G. A. S., De silva, M. L., & Rameezdeen, R. (2013). Comparative study of green building rating systems: In terms of water efficiency and conservation. In Y. G. Sandanayake & N. G. Fernando (Eds.), Socio-economic sustainability in construction: Practice, policy and research (pp. 108-117). Ceylon Institute of Builders.

• Wei, W., Wargocki, P., Zirngibl, J., Bendžalová, J., & Mandin, C. (2020). Review of parameters used to assess the quality of the indoor environment in Green Building certification schemes for offices and hotels. Energy and Buildings, 209, Article 109683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109683

• Xia, B., Chen, Q., Buys, L., Skitmore, M., & Walliah, J. (2021). Sustainable living environment in retirement villages: What matters to residents? Journal of Aging and Environment, 35(4), 370-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/26892618.2020.1848965

• Xia, B., Chen, Q., Walliah, J., Buys, L., Skitmore, M., & Susilawati, C. (2021). Understanding the dynamic behaviour of the Australian retirement village industry: A causal loop diagram. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 25(5), 346-355. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2021.15063

• Xia, B., Olanipekun, A., Hu, X., Chen, Q., Jiang, X., & Liu, Y. (2021). Optimising facilities provision in retirement villages-a case study in Australia. In F. Long, S. Zheng, Y. Wu, G. Yang, & Y. Yang (Eds.), Proceedings of the 23rd International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate (CRIOCM 2018; pp. 1225–1236). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3977-0_94

• Xia, B., Zuo, J., Skitmore, M., Buys, L., & Hu, X. (2014). Sustainability literacy of older people in retirement villages. Journal of Aging Research, 2014, Article 919054. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/919054

• Xia, B., Zuo, J., Skitmore, M., Chen, Q., & Rarasati, A. (2015). Sustainable retirement village for older people: A case study in Brisbane, Australia. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 19(2), 149-158. https://doi.org/10.3846/1648715X.2015.1029564

• Xin, S., Li, J., & Wang, Y. (2019). The development of smart pension with benefits and challenges (EasyChair Preprint no. 1652). https://easychair.org/publications/preprint_download/VRdh

• Xiong, B., Skitmore, M., & Xia, B. (2015). A critical review of structural equation modeling applications in construction research. Automation in Construction, 49, 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2014.09.006

• Zuo, J., Xia, B., Barker, J., & Skitmore, M. (2014). Green buildings for greying people: A case study of a retirement village in Australia. Facilities, 32(7/8), 365-381. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-08-2011-0060